Cycling Lawyer

2006.3â€”now. On the support of friends abroad, I established BB Factor Corperation (specializing in import and export trade), because my friends abroad were willing to trade with me. In fact, I am interested not in the trade, but in my started study of biological theory.

In my life, I often suffered from a twist of fate, rather the opponents always meet. For example, I eagered to go to university when I was young, but met with the “Great Cultural Revolution”; I prefer liberal arts, but mainly busy at the research of applied maths and biology; Influenced by traditional culture, I disdain merchants intent on nothing but profit, but I became a professional merchant after my transfer.

(ArticlesBase SC #2382878)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Theoretical Exploration on Biological Metabolism and Substance Cycle (3)

3. Two kingdom system and three kingdom system in the basic theory of life sciences

Since microorganisms were found in 1676, the basic theory of life sciences began to slowly form two major dividing lines. These dividing lines were very subtle and not noticeable, but on a careful scrutiny, they were very clearly, and had in fact formed two kingdom system and three kingdom system in the basic theory of life sciences.

3.1. Basic theory of the modern life sciences belongs to two kingdom system on the whole

3.1.1. Classification of living things in theory circle

The biological classification reflects the cognition process that human understand the living things. In the 1750’s, Linnaeus proposed “to classify the living things according to their different life styles, and called the living things that could manufacture inorganic substances into their own nutrients as plants and called the ones that could not self-manufacture organic nutrients but directly or indirectly depend on plants for life as animals (8)”. After Darwin’s “Origin of Species” was published in the 1850s, the classification principle of the two kingdom system was slowly recognized by the biological workers. Till 1950s, people only then discovered there were some problems in the two kingdom system. In other words, microorganisms were discovered in 1676, but people did not regard them as living things till the 1950s, and had been complying with the two kingdom system theory.

Afterward, from the evolutionary perspectives, people began slowly to subdivide living organisms into 5 major kingdoms based on the cellular morphology and structure, including the Monera, the Protista (Protoctista), the Fungi, the Plantae, and the Animalia. Someone added the Virus too. However, this classification has not been accepted by biological scientists.

3.1.2. Living things reflected in metabolic realities

Here, we would not involve in those discussions, and would not discuss what they should be, but make clear what they are now according to the realities, in order to do our own things.

Based on the experimental results and realities that only the inorganic substances in ionic state could be absorbed by plants and the following “generating mode of inorganic ions”, etc., we can see that there would be an opposite and untied relation between life and matter in the movement of substance cycle. Similarly, biological metabolism and substance cycle would also belong to an opposite and untied relation. In the movement of substance cycle, if no the metabolic activity, the material state would not be destroyed and would not turn into another state to move. And the destruction of material state each time is done by microorganisms. This is the experimental result and the reality, which cannot be denied.

But may see from the above table 1, in the theories of the biological metabolism and substance cycle we are applying now, there is almost no involvement of microorganisms, and microorganisms are unnecessary basically in the real application of the traditional theory. Moreover, the chemical substances in the inorganic world would enter directly into the plant body, and begin the biological cycle of substances.

But when the substances withdraw from the cycle, they would also directly become the chemical substances. This means that these substances might be absorbed by plants again and begins to enter the next cycle. That is, the substance cycle believed by our theory could operate freely without microorganisms, but on the contrary the microorganisms are unnecessary. In the real application of our theory, they are indeed somewhat “always underfoot and interfering”. If the microorganisms were responsible for the decomposition of animal remains according to the explanation of our theory, they would wait for this bite on the human body for dozens of years each time. Their patience is really good!

Therefore, the biological metabolism and substance cycle that we are applying at present belong to two kingdom system very obviously, which is an undeniable reality. So some people said, “Although the changing microbial world has been found by scientists, the classification of the two kingdoms is still existed (9)”.

3.1.3. Deep-seated reasons to isolate microbial metabolism from plant and animal metabolism

Because the microorganisms are somewhat “always underfoot and interfering” in the real application of the two kingdom system theory, the systematic and authoritative theory of biological metabolism regarded them as “Generally speaking, there is no much sense (7)” to the human metabolism, and thereby kicked them away.

The reason that microorganisms suffered this kick is not so simply, it reflects that the two kingdom system theory is repulsive to microorganisms. The two kingdom system theory and the biology after microorganisms appeared are two different stages on the life of cognition, and the theories reflected by them belong to two different systems fundamentally, which could not be embodied and applied in the same theoretical framework.

May see from the table 1 embodied the real situations of the biological metabolism and substance cycle, the traditional two kingdom system theory has no roomfor microorganisms and do not allow them to join. In essence, although microbiology occupies more and more important place in the life sciences, it is incompatible and conflicting fundamentally with the current two kingdom system theory. Therefore, the current research and exploration on microorganisms are putting another play, while each does things in his own way with the two kingdom system theory.

3.2. Realities require interpreting life phenomenon with three kingdom system theory

3.2.1. Matter wants to move

Although the experimental results already reflected the three stages of the material movement and the three states of the material movement are very clear, the frame of the two kingdom system theory could not hold the three stages and states of the material movement, and cause a “cluttered situation” of “more good and less shelves”. In this situation, especially there was no moving state of the substances — chemicalized substances. On the surface, the “goods” need to build their required “shelves.”

This surface phenomenon reflects a deep-rooted problem, which is the matter wants to move. We can see from both the “establishment of new concepts” and “table 1″, the substances reflected in the two kingdom system theory are static and “dead”, but the realities require the substances taking part in the biological cycle to be “living” and move. That the “goods” needed to build their required “shelves” shows, in fact, that they want to live and move.

3.2.2. Microorganisms want to be liberated

Under the fetter of the traditional two kingdom system theory frame, it is an indisputable fact that the microorganisms play a bit role and are relegated to the sidelines in the biological metabolism. Especially that the autotrophic microorganisms are classified into “producers” in the most basic theory, it is seriously inconsistent with the facts, experimental results and philosophy theory.

The discovery of microorganisms caused to form the three categories of living things, which are microorganisms, plants and animals. And this classification is recognized by biological workers without any objection.

However, the category microorganism wavers between plants and animals, both similar to plants and also similar to animals. Based on the experiment results and synthesis in this paper, the microorganisms’ nutrition mainly comes from chemical substances, and the nutrition of plants and animals comes from chemicalized ones, and their nutrient source is very different from plants and animals. Therefore, the view that “may show both animal and plant like characteristics” cannot reflect the microorganisms’ reality to obtain nourishment, but caused a confusion with the nourish source of plants and animals.

At the same time, that the microorganisms’ nutrient source is different from plants and animals would put forward another problem, telling us something wrong in the classification principle “to classify the living things according to their different life styles, and called the living things that could manufacture inorganic substances into their own nutrients as plants and called the ones that could not self-manufacture organic nutrients but directly or indirectly depend on plants for life as animals”, because it is only microorganisms can directly contact with or face the inorganic and organic substances, not plants and animals. Thus, it comes out the following three categories of living things in accordance with the classification principle of the nutrient source generally recognized by the public:

Microorganisms: directly obtain nourishment from inorganic and organic substances;

Plants: indirectly obtain nourishment from inorganic substances;

Animals: indirectly obtain nourishment from plants or organic substances.

Such a classification seems nothing new at first glance, but there are two major differences from the previous classifications: â‘´ it was based on the bodies that the traditional theory classified living things into microorganisms, plants and animals; â‘µLinnaeus’ classification was based on the nutrient source. Although our classification is based on the nutrition source too, there is a great difference between direct and indirect. This point is very important, because it provides the most effective basis for us to explain and resolve the various contradictions. This is a reflection of contemporary research and realities, and very clear, there is no artificial classification.

The development and reality of contemporary microbiology, especially a large number of facts of the functions of the normal microorganisms in intestines and dietary fiber (has formed a large-scale industrial clusters), become very difficult to explain the various phenomena with the two kingdom system theory, force us to raise a query on it, because if the digestive substances could be directly transformed into animal substances, the intestinal microorganisms and dietary fiber would indeed be “no much sense”, but the facts of the intestinal microorganisms and dietary fiber are “very important to human health”. Moreover, the contemporary research and realities have clearly reflect that vitamins are the essential nutrients of human body, but the vitamins in human and animal bodies are not synthesized by human or animal bodies themselves, and some of them rely on the intestinal microorganisms while some are supplied from food. This fact that a part of vitamins in human body is supplied by the intestinal microorganisms is in conflict with the two kingdom system theory, because it has got into trouble, revealed the dishonesty of the traditional metabolism theory, broke the original tranquility of the two kingdoms which the modern life sciences rely on, and caused the modern theory system appearing a contradictory hubbub of both self-affirmation and self-denial (in accordance with the general laws of development of things). Unfortunately, in front of this ironclad fact, no one has a suspicion whether there are some problems on the bottom of the two kingdom system theory, but attempt to abide by the frames of the two kingdom system theory and just take the contemporary research results and reality to patch up the traditional theory, making the more contemporary research results and discoveries, the more obvious conflicts between the traditional theory and the realities, and the more adding insult to injury of the traditional theory (broke through the original frame of a+0=c).

Various factors reflected that the category microorganism is no substitute for other living things; especially the microbial function to directly contact with inorganic and organic substances is unique. Without it, plants and animals would eat nothing, and could not live. Therefore, we have to give a thorough investigation of the contradictions in the traditional theory of life sciences, have to pay attention to the microbial role in the substance transformation, and consequently try to explore the three kingdom system theory, in order to reflect all research results and realities in the life sciences (see Table 2).

Matter wants to move and microorganisms want to be liberated, this is an all-important subject to be faced and solved urgently in the basic theory of life sciences.

4. Try transiting to three kingdom system theory (part 1) — the realities of substance cycle

Due to the different understanding of in vivo and in vitro, and also classing the function of chloroplasts under autotrophic microorganisms, biological metabolism and substance cycle would have the following various changes.

First, let us begin from the inorganic ions which form the plant substances initially.

4.1. Generating mode of inorganic ions

All the inorganic substances, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, potassium, calcium, etc., must become an ionic state, and then can be absorbed by plants. Otherwise, these substances could not generate their potential energy to move into the plant body.

There are two ways to make inorganic substances into the ionic state: one is physical-chemical mode (such as rays, lightning, storms, waves, waterfalls, etc.), and another is biochemical mode. Both of them have their rationality.

4.1.1 Physical-chemical mode. This is the mode that went through from inorganic substances to organic in the ancient times, and now it is still playing a role.

4.1.2. Biochemical mode. There are two different forms in this mode: one is the plant photosynthesis, and another is the reaction of removing electrons by autotrophic microorganisms.

4.1.2.1. Photosynthesis. By the restoration of chloroplasts, their function has been classed under the head of autotrophic microorganisms (only in this way it can make sense in theory). Moreover, whether the ATP production in the photoreaction or the carbon assimilation in the dark reaction, both of them are inseparable from the effect of coenzymes or enzymes, and inextricably linked with microorganisms.

4.1.2.2. Reaction to remove electrons by autotrophic microorganisms. In the process of inorganic substances transformed into organic, to remove their electrons is usually completed by autotrophic microorganisms.

Thus, we have to understand the biochemical mode to generate all the inorganic ions as the function of autotrophic microorganisms or the reactions of their removing electrons.

It is very slow that the ions produced by physical-chemical mode become organic substances, with which mode to generate microorganisms had gone through more than 1 billion years, and the rapid transformation from inorganic substances to organic happened only after the birth of microorganisms. So, considering both the main mode for plants to assimilate ions and in order to be convenient for our discussion, we have to adopt the normal biochemical mode promoted by autotrophic microorganisms, which is correspondent with the whole theory discussed by us.

4.2. Start and end points of biological cycle of substances

4.2.1. Are there the start and end points in biological cycle of substances?

According to the traditional biological chain theory, the substance transformation is linked each other and interlocking among the so-called decomposers, producers and consumers, and there should not be the start and end points. In the traditional definition of biological cycle of substances, it also said that is “a continuous process that plants absorb air, water, inorganic nutrients in soil and synthesize them into plant organic matter, the plant organic matter is synthesized into animal organic matter after animal absorption, and the remains of plants and animals, when they died, are decomposed into inorganic substances and return to air, water, soil (11)”. This definition is approximately the same as the substance cycle reflected by the traditional biological chain theory, which has no start and end points.

But on a careful deliberation, we would be aware that the traditional biological chain is closed, and implies a logic that the former have to be converted completely into the latter, otherwise, the substance cycle would be interrupted. But in fact, the organic substances decomposed by microorganisms (decomposers) could not be absorbed totally by plants (producers), plants could not be converted totally into animals (consumers), and also the low-level consumers (such as herbivores) could not be “consumed” by the high-level ones (such as carnivores). At the every level of the substance cycle, most of the substances would return to the inorganic state at any time. This type â–³ of the cycle situation with small top and big bottom illustrates there should be its start and end points, otherwise, it would break itself in operation, and could not continue.

Furthermore, before the organic matter came into being, although there was a geochemical cycle in nature because of the solar imbalance, atmospheric movement, precipitation and rivers, it had been belonging to a relative static inorganic world as opposed to the biogeochemical cycle of substances. It was only after more than 1 billion years that the inorganic world began to slowly generate microorganisms through physical-chemical reaction, and thereby the inorganic substances had been launched in large scale from their static state and accelerated biogeochemical cycle of substances.

4.2.2. Where are the start and end points?

Now that the plant and animal bodies can not related directly to the physical substances and only the inorganic substances in ionic state can be absorbed by plants, so the start point of the substances cycle in biological world should be the inorganic substances in ionic state, and the starter of the biological cycle of substances should be autotrophic microorganisms, because the procedure of removing electrons is completed by them (in the reality the physical-chemical reaction also has its contribution). Only the inorganic substances lost some electrons can have a potential energy for their movement to the organic phytosynthesis.

In the biological cycle of substances, the result of heterotrophic microorganisms’ effect is inverted against autotrophic microorganisms’, which is the restoration of organic substances. Although there would be some animal decomposition (one-stage and two-stage decomposition) during the restoration, their final end is still the restoration, and returns the organic substances to the inorganic state. The restored inorganic substances are no different from other inorganic ones not involving in circulation and impossible to be absorbed directly by plants. Therefore, the essential function of heterotrophic microorganisms is to get the substances involving in the circulation back to their start, and thus it would create the end point of the biological cycle of substances.

So from the direct kinetic energy angle, in essence, the biological cycle of substances starts from autotrophic microorganisms and ends with heterotrophic microorganisms. Thereby, in the biological cycle of substances, the substances are the base, and microorganisms are the key.

According to this section and all the above discussions, we may show the whole process of the biological cycle of substances with a simple diagram:

(Please trfer to http://www.bbfactor.com/group.php?keyno=29)

Diagram of biological cycle of substances

The explanations of biological cycle of substances are as follows:

â‘ Cleared away the closed state. The “Diagram of biological cycle of substances”cleared away theimplicit logic that the substances would be transformed totally among the so-called decomposers, producers and consumers. Whether the inorganic substances in ionic state or plants could drop out from the cycle at any time, and return to the inorganic state.

â‘¡Autotrophic and heterotrophic creatures could be classified respectively. By the classification of autotrophic creatures (autotrophic microorganisms and plants) and heterotrophic creatures (heterotrophic microorganisms and animals), highlighted the equal status of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms, and gave expression to playing their promoting role in the process of phytosynthesis and restoration (or bio-fixation and bio-release).

â‘¢Various elements came into the unity of opposites. Plants and animals, autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms, phytosynthesis and restoration, inorganic and organic, biological catabolism and substance cycle, all of them came into a relationship of unity of opposites.

In the traditional theory, it is emphasized there would be no synthesis without decomposition (catabolism and anabolism), which obviously refers to the metabolism in the animal body, and should not be a universal law of the substance cycle in biosphere. But in the biological cycle of substances, the opposite side of phytosynthesis should not be the “decomposition”, but restoration. So here adjusted the phytosynthesis and restoration as the two sides of the unity of opposites.

It also needs to indicate that animals’ decomposition and composition are the secondary procedures during the biological cycle of substances, which do not belong to the same conceptual level of the phytosynthesis and restoration. We need to further clarify, in the biological cycle of substances; the phytosynthesis is primary, which is no phytosynthesis, no restoration. It is just opposite to that the animals’ decomposition is primary, which is no decomposition, no composition.

â‘£ Made animals dependent on plants. In the process of the restorations of plants, animals were not treated as the “consumers” paralleling to or even higher than plants, but treated as a branch deriving from plants, and belonged to a kind of creatures deriving from plants. Human and animals are subject to plants in the substance transformation, which is independent of our subjective will but is decided by their heterotrophic nature. It conforms to the basic theory and reality that human and animals are based on plants.

â‘¤ Did not reflect the animal high “consumption”. As animals were classified into the category of plants, and only the main categories were expressed, this diagram only reflected the lower “consumption” that animals were derived from plants, did not reflect their high “consumption”.

(to be continuing)

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(ArticlesBase SC #2382878)

Duan Xiu-Bin -
About the Author:

1972.12â€”1992.12. Served in the army. During this period, I learnt English and mainly busy at the research of applied maths.

1992.11â€”2005.7. Tranfered to civilian work, and mainly occupied in import and export of foods. During this period, I ever had many other jobs.

2005.8, I was retired on account of unemployment.

2006.3â€”now. On the support of friends abroad, I established BB Factor Corperation (specializing in import and export trade), because my friends abroad were willing to trade with me. In fact, I am interested not in the trade, but in my started study of biological theory.

In my life, I often suffered from a twist of fate, rather the opponents always meet. For example, I eagered to go to university when I was young, but met with the “Great Cultural Revolution”; I prefer liberal arts, but mainly busy at the research of applied maths and biology; Influenced by traditional culture, I disdain merchants intent on nothing but profit, but I became a professional merchant after my transfer.

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Article Tags:
metabolism, substance cycle, in vivo and in vitro, unity of oppositesï¼Œchemicalized substances, phytosynthesis, microorganisms, biochemical reactions

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Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Originally published here.

1972.12?1992.12. Served in the army. During this period, I learnt English and mainly busy at the research of applied maths.

1992.11?2005.7. Tranfered to civilian work, and mainly occupied in import and export of foods. During this period, I ever had many other jobs.

2005.8, I was retired on account of unemployment.

2006.3?now. On the support of friends abroad, I established BB Factor Corperation (specializing in import and export trade), because my friends abroad were willing to trade with me. In fact, I am interested not in the trade, but in my started study of biological theory.

In my life, I often suffered from a twist of fate, rather the opponents always meet. For example, I eagered to go to university when I was young, but met with the ?Great Cultural Revolution?; I prefer liberal arts, but mainly busy at the research of applied maths and biology; Influenced by traditional culture, I disdain merchants intent on nothing but profit, but I became a professional merchant after my transfer.

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Theoretical Exploration on Biological Metabolism and Substance Cycle (3)

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